Wanchuan He  Yunnan Police officer Academy  Kunming, China

In Naxi language, “lê33 and lñ21” means come, “bê33 and bñ21”, “xê33 and xñ21” means go, but for the usage of between them is different, it is very important to discriminate it.

“lê33 and lñ21” means “want to come”, but it is used from the perspective of listener, so the real meaning of them is “want to go” from the aspect of articulator. “bê33and bñ21” means “want to go”; “xê33 and xñ21” means “have already go”. “lê33,  bê33 and xê33” is more used in Lunan, a village in Lijiang, that is, in countryside, but “lñ21, bñ21 and xñ21” ” is more used in city Dayanzhen, a town of Li jiang in China.

1. What’s the sentence’s meaning influenced if they can be substituted each other

1.1 If used as predicate, “lê33 and lñ21”, “bê33 and bñ21”, “xê33 and xñ21” can be substituted each other, but the meanings and moods of sentences is different slightly.

1.2 If used with verbs, “lê33 and lñ21”, “bê33 and bñ21”, “xê33 and xñ21” also can be substituted each other, but the meanings and the moods of sentences are different greatly. Further more, if the tone of the verbs such as “hit, scissors, burn and so on” is modified, the structure mode of the verb phrase may be changed, the meaning changed relatively. On the other hand, if used as verbs’ complements, “lê33 and lñ21”, “bê33 and bñ21”, “xê33 and xñ21” sometimes can be grammaticalized.

2 See if they can be used with “le33”

2.1 “le33”means back in Naxi language, it can be grammaticalized sometimes. Here, “lê33”, “bê33”and “xê33” can not be used with “le33”, but “lñ21”, “bñ21” and “xñ21” can.

2.2 While the tone of “le33” is modified to “le13”, it can be used with “lê33 and lñ21”, “bê33 and bñ21”, “xê33 and xñ21”, but the meanings and the moods of the sentences are different.

3 See if they can descript the happening of some natural phenomenon

4 See if they can used with “not, can, like and so on”

“lê33”, “bê33”and “xê33” can be used with “not, can, like”, but “lñ21”, “bñ21” and “xñ21” can not.

5 How they be grammaticalized

If they are used as verbs’ complements, the verbs’ tones should be modified, sometimes, a auxiliary verb “bñ55” is necessary after verbs, and “lê33 and lñ21”, “bê33 and bñ21”, “xê33 and xñ21” may be grammaticalized.

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