Zhao Peixi   Zhang bo  Lijiang Normal college

The intangible cultural heritages in Lijiang have rich resources, including languages, festivals, foods, religions and all kinds of folk art and manual techniques. To the end of February in 2008, a lot of heritages there have been ranked the different level intangible cultural heritages, such as two national, six provincial, forty-eight municipal and two hundred and fifty-eight county-level intangible cultural heritages.

From the perspective of the cultural ecology, it can be seen that the unique natural ecology of Hengduan Mountains is the premise of the intangible cultural heritages in Lijiang, which causes their style of “changing with each ten Li” and makes them keep firmly the traditional style of the local nationalities against the impact of the strong cultural currents today. At the same time, as the transitive station of “Chama Old Road”, the special geographical location makes Lijiang become the stage where all kinds of cultures intersect, penetrate and integrate. It also leads to the diverse culture in Lijiang. In addition, the continuous development, the different social organizations and economic forms of the nationalities there constitute the basis of the intangible cultural heritages in Lijiang. These formative mechanisms cause the intangible cultural heritages in Lijiang with the obvious characteristics of nationalism and diversity, and with the potential ones of heritability and flexibility.

Key words: Lijiang; the intangible cultural heritages; cultural ecology; characteristics

Summary: This article is a comprehensive overview for the China Journal Net (www.cnki.net) retrieved journals and magazines (which is based on the journals from China’s core institutions of the music school), which also has been officially published in Yunnan dong Province, Lijiang City during the year 1979 to 2006. After a great deal of information research, I found that there are  number of features  concerned  about music in Lijiang City through different experts’views. Therefore, this article is focus on  the history ofdongjing music, the content ofdongjing music, the features of dongjing music, and the characteristics of the orchestraldongjing music. This article also classified those four aspects and summarized each.The purpose of this article is to comprehensively introduce the dongjing music to the readers and also provide the detail information about the dongjing music. Therefore, the reader can understand the dongjing music well.

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Yu Jiahua

Yunan Normal university

The political, economic, cultural and marriage relationships and influences among Tusi (tribal chiefs) is an important issue in the area of ethnic study. This paper is a case study on the relationship between two Tusi in southwest China: the Mu family in Lijiang and Yao family in Yaoan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties.

According to The Family Tree of the Gao written in Chongzheng period in the Ming Dynasty and The Genealogical Chronicle of the Mu Family written in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, during two hundred years from 1488 to1745, six generations of the Gao family such as Gao Feng were married with the Mu Tusi’s daughters and nieces, while two generations of the Mu Tusi such as the Mu Zhong were married with the daughters of the Gao Tusi. Eight generations’ marriages between two families helped them to establish a close relationship, and they supported each other.

During the long interaction and communication, the two families shared the similar values. For example, The Gao Family Precepts mentioned the rules of “be loyal to the sovereign and honor one’s parents”，while the Mu family taught their children to “be loyal to the sovereign and respect ancestors”. These values are good for local security and ethnic unity, and also good for forming and developing patriotism.

Both families were interested in learning cultures of their neighbor groups，especially the Han culture. Some members of both families could skillfully write Chinese poems and had made a great achievement. The Mu family members were good at writing Chinese poems, and published more than ten poems anthologies such as Poetry Anthology of the Snow Mountain. The Gao family was famous for writing chronicles and academic books, and published several books such as Chronicles of Jizu Mountain. The achievements of both families have richened the culture of the Chinese nation.

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YU HAIBO  Hongkong University

This paper examines the role of schooling in constructing identity of Naxi secondary students in Lijiang, southwest China. The study shows that the school assigns an identity of the Chinese nation to Naxi students, while it also plays a role in forming their ethnic identity. The school curriculum, teachers’ teaching, and interactions among students influence the identity construction of Naxi students. A qualitative method was designed to collect data for this study.

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The friendship between the Native Official surnamed Mu in Lijiang, Yunnan and the lama of the Karma pa sect during the Ming dynasty

山田敕之 Yamada Noriyuki

神户大学综合人间科学研究科

The Native Official surnamed Mu was called “buffer” and held in great account by the Ming dynasty. They occupied and ruled Tibetan regions whereas they maintained a friendship with the Karma pa sect, and then donated money to them for publishing the ‘jang edition of the Tibetan bka’ ‘gyur《丽江版甘珠尔》in the early 17th century. With a focus on these cases, the purpose of this presentation is that the details of the friendship between the Native Official surnamed Mu and the lama of the Karma pa sect are made clear.

First, it is made clear the details of the friendship between them with a focus on the facts that the successive Native Official surnamed Mu donated and built the monasteries for the Karma pa sect, and the latter preached and initiated the former in the records of the Tibetan documents, GB《噶尔玛噶举派高僧传》and KPGT《智者喜宴》.

Next, Buddhism deeds for publishing the ‘jang edition of the Tibetan bka’ ‘gyur are especially focused, and then the details are made clear by using DS《大藏经序》written by the sixth Red Hat Karma pa Lama, Gar dbang chos kyi dbang phyug

It is considerd that a case of the friendship among many tribes in China during the Ming dynasty can be shown by making clear the status of the friendship between them.

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山村高淑Yamamura Takayoshi

日本北海道大学

The Naxi of China are an ethnic group within the multiethnic country of China, which is making rapid strides in economic growth, with an extremely high percentage of people, women in particular, that still wear their native dress. The objective of this research is to focus on the Old Town District of Lijiang City in China’s Yunnan Province and clarify the design transformation process, from early modern times to the present, of the traditional native dress of the Naxi ethnic group, by examining historical materials and conducting fieldwork. This paper confines itself to the native dress of the Naxi women of Old Town District of Lijiang City area, where the native dress is generally worn even today, and has undergone a variety of developments in recent years.

As a result of the research, at turning points when social conditions transformed from early modern times to the present, it became clear that the designs of the native dress underwent improvements based on very flexible concepts. Particularly noteworthy is that the new native dress spread steadily under the policies developed by the local government in the 1980s, and that this was found to be the main factor behind what increased the rate of wearing the native dress in daily life, without it opposing the wave of the westernization of clothing.

In addition, as the Old Town District of Lijiang was inscribed as a World Cultural Heritage site in 1997, and amidst the site’s present rapid transformation into a tourist destination, an unprecedented process of brisk, innovative improvement was clearly shown to be underway. In recent years especially, the native dress has been undergoing new development, with competition between tourist-oriented restaurants developing service uniforms that make use of traditional motifs.

Furthermore, a relatively free arrangement of clothing featuring a variety of costume types, both among youth segments as well as elderly people, was discernable.

The main reason why the native dress of the Naxi was able to accommodate the wave of westernization was because each part, from top to bottom, is worn separately on the body. The blouse, the vest, the back pad, the pants, the skirt, and the apron are all worn separately, and hence, any part could be replaced by a modern item. However, this doesn’t necessarily mean that having such features enable native dress to be completely suitable for westernization. The reason for this is because the Naxi have in general the option of completely adopting western clothing. Therefore, what is more important to note is that the Naxi themselves are an ethnic group that have the ability to transform and develop by reaffirming their own identity and accepting different cultures while selecting what parts of traditional culture to retain and what to reject. This point is thought to be a characteristic of the Naxi ethnic group found also in their architecture and language. As such, we would like to make this our future subject of study.

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Chinese national medium major senior lecturer school

(Naxi national): Que Zhao Qi PC:674100

1.       In july 1983 the investigation report:Are for three generations of the surrey are the pure blood of Naxi ethnic 552 young and middle?aged men and women,224 projects investigate physicat.

2.       At the march 1985 report:Are for the three generations of the survey are pure Naxi ethnic young peopre,3743 cases have divided the grouth of different ages,sexual deve?lopment,mental develoment aspects of the physical characteristics.

3.       In may 1989 the investigation report: inrestigation Naxi are pure blood for three generations of the 200 cases of (94 male,106female person). (Over some aspects of the original survey date,methods,results are omitted)

4.       About Naxi ethnic physical Anthropology?related papers and 70 books index.

5.       About Naxi ethnic physical Anthropology and a summarg of resxarch work.(Note the originul 30000 character does not contain date)

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Mu Chunyan ,Tang Hu ,Zhao Xiaoying  Lijiang Normal college

Along with the booming tourism industry at Lijiang there comes a flourishing stream of Teaching of Chinese as a Foreign Language (TCSL). In this article the author conducted a survey and further analysis thereafter by offering international students questionnaires covers the areas of reasons, cultural attracts of choosing Lijiang to learn Chinese.

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胡 莹 云南大学公共管理学院

Hu ying Yunnan University

Ethnic Naxi owns long history and colorful nationality`s culture,Dongba language—–the unique pictograph has been created in the process of their society development. Dongba writings and materials became countless Dongba historical archives when the time goes by.These Dongba historical archives are valuable and plentiful.

This thesis discussed the valuable worth of Dongba historical archives from the born of Dongba historical archives,framework and characteristic,and I brought up a scientific way of how to arrange Dongba historical archives.Besides,I put forward a set of way of utilization and excavation for Dongba historical archives current situation in order to realize the information share among Dongba historical archives.

In addition,I talked about the digital reform of Dongba historical archives under the huge development of modern technology,so it is very urgent for us to built a modern information system of Dongba historical archives.We should try our best to promote people’s consciousness about excavating,using Dongba historical archives and spreading Dongba culture.It is possible to offer better and more services to the development of Lijiang`s economy.

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「世界遺産登録による観光開発と住民の生活環境の保護の両立について」（关于为了开发观光利用世界遗产与保护居民的生活环境的两全其美）。

高仓健一, 日本神奈川大学

现在丽江古城发生一个问题，就是由于开发观光，丽江古城的环境带来了变化。之所以，原来居民往外移住，而从外部商业为目的的人流入丽江古城。我觉得一方面为了开发观光利用世界遗产，又一方面保护被命名为世界遗产的房屋和创建的居民，才是真正保护世界遗产和纳西族文化的有效途径。关于我这个见解，想把丽江古城作为个案例子进行实地调查，同时已被世界遗产登录的日本富山县五个山人字木屋顶建筑村落进行实地调查，并进行比较分析。

1997年，丽江古城的房屋和街景成为登录世界遗产的对象，但是从古以来居住在丽江古城而创造这里的房屋和街景的居民的生活和文化确没成为登录世界遗产的对象。其实登录世界遗产的房屋和街景是表现居民的历史和文化。所以我想探讨怎样才能把开发观光和保护居民的生活和文化两全其美方法。

日本富山县五个山人字木屋顶建筑村落登录世界遗产的时候，“結い（互相帮助组）”受到很高的评价，可是最近由于人口在急剧减少和老龄化，越来越难维持那“結い”状况。这次进行调查五个山人字木屋顶建筑村落的现状，并进行比较丽江古城的现状，论述开发观光有防止人口在急剧减少的效果，还有保护居民的生活文化的必要性。

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